TFY chapter 5

chapter 5 Assumptions !!


An assumption is something we take for granted, something we accept prematurely as being true, something we don’t check out carefully.It can be conscious or unconscious, warranted or unwarranted.


Bottom line:Assumption=premise;a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn."on the assumption that he has been injured we can infer that he will not play";a hypothesis that is taken for granted,"any society is built upon certain assumption"the act of taking possession of or power over something.his assumption of office coincided with the trouble in Cuba"."the Nazi assumption of power in 1934""he acquired all the company's assets for ten million dollars and the assumption of the company's debts"

TFY chapter 4

Chapter 4 Inference:

Definition: The act or process of deriving suggestion based solving on what one already knows.

What follows inference?

1. Reasoning-
is the mental process of looking for reasons for beliefs, conclusion, action or feeling. Humans have the ability to engage in reasoning about their own reasoning using introspection. Different forms of such reflection on reasoning occur in different fields.

2. Conclusion-
A conclusion is the final section of an essay in which the writer ties together what was presented in the passage, summing up the main point, explaining how the thesis was proven and successfully and doing the discussion.

3. Guess-
Think, expect, believes or suppose. A message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence.

4. Explanation-
an explanation is a statement which points to causes, context and consequence of some object, process, and state of affairs etc together with rules or laws that link these to the object.

5. Imagine-
To derives by reasoning, conclude or judge from premises or evidence.
Inference-
It is the act or process of deriving a conclusion based solely on what one already knows

6. Interpret-
To makes sense of, assign or meaning to, gives an interpretation or explanation to. Interpretation is the process of establishing, either simultaneously oral or gesture communication between two or more speakers who are not able to use the same set of symbols.

TFY chapter 3

Chapter-3 Facts

Chapter quiz

1. Some facts can be determined by measurements. True
2. Some facts can be confirmed by the senses, others by records. True
3. The most reliable facts are those that have been repeatedly confirmed by tests over time. True
4. Facts often consist of obvious details that are seen but not consciously recognized. False
5. Sometimes what we claim to be facts are untrue because the human perceptions used to determine them are limited and fallible. True
6. A person educated in critical thinking qualifies statements to reflect probabilities and uncertainties using provisional phrases such as 'it appears that True
7. The only standards we use to determine facts are verifiability, reliability, plausibility and credibility. False
8. The study of many subjects consists of memorizing facts because they are the nearest things we have to certainties. False
9. All newspapers can be depended upon as reliable sources of facts about world events. False
10. An Atmosphere that permits disagreements about widely accepted perceptions and beliefs helps critical thinking to flourish. True

TFY chapter 2

TFY CHAPTER2 WORD PRECISION: HOW DO I DESCRIBE IT?

Discovery Exercises p.46

1. Dictionaries are like phone books; basically, they all offer the same information. False
2. If a dictionary is named Webster’s that means it is one of the best. False
3. Exports who decide how we should speak English write dictionaries. False

4. Small, pocket dictionaries are the best kind to use for in-depth word study because they eliminate unnecessary, confusing information and make understanding easier. False
5. Since a dictionary can confuse us with so many definitions for any single word, it is better to try to figure out a word's meaning from its context or is someone else. False
6. Dictionaries are like cookbooks; a family needs to buy only one for the family's lifetime. False
7. Dictionaries give us information about spelling and definitions, but that is about all they offer. False

TFY chapter1

TYFChap1Quiz p38

1. Observation skills are learned mainly through book learning support for answer; on the contrary observation is learned from participation, which is more active and spontaneous than reading. Samuel scudder learned observing through the active coaching of his teacher agassiz as well as from his own efforts, curiosity and persistence in studying his fish. False

2. The standard academic study of all the physical sciences requires observation skills, whether in the field or laboratory. True

3. In thinking, the correctness of our conclusions usually depends on the clarity of our perceptions. True

4. Observation skills can be extended to observing how you observe. True

5. An insight is an experience of understanding that can occur spontaneously after we observe something intently for a while. One illustration of this experience is the story of Archimedes, who, while in his bath, discovered the means of measuring the volume of an irregular solid by the displacement of water. True

6. Agassiz was simply too busy to give his student all the assistance he needed. False

7. Perception and sensation are synonyms. True

8. Assimilation, according to piaget, is an experience of easily understanding something that readily fits into our preexisting schemes or worldview. True

9. It is difficult to feel sensation and to think at the same time. if we want to feel whether a pair of new shoes fits properly ,we have to pay attention True

10. The word thinking, according to the dictionary, has only one meaning. False

• Observation is a process of sensing, perceiving, and thinking to discover new knowledge, self understanding and recognize our strengths.

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